Devices that detect and measure various physical and chemical parameters within a vehicle, providing crucial data to its electronic control systems. They play a vital role in optimizing engine performance, enhancing safety, and improving overall vehicle functionality. These sensors monitor everything from engine temperature and pressure to vehicle speed and position, enabling systems like anti-lock brakes, traction control, and advanced driver-assistance features to operate effectively. In essence, they are the "eyes and ears" of modern vehicles, facilitating accurate and timely responses to changing driving conditions.