Also known as tires, are toroidal-shaped components that encircle a vehicle's wheels, providing the crucial interface between the vehicle and the road surface. They are essential for supporting the vehicle's weight, transmitting traction and braking forces, and absorbing road irregularities to provide a comfortable ride. Tyres are constructed from various materials, including rubber, steel, and fabric, and are designed with specific tread patterns and constructions to suit different vehicle types, driving conditions, and performance requirements. They are a critical safety component, influencing handling, stability, and braking performance.